Atoms of other elements can be bonded to the atoms of the carbon skeleton. Carbon c hydrogen h oxygen o nitrogen n phosphorus p sulfur s the central element of. Carbon and the molecular diversity of life 1 chapter 4 carbon and the molecular diversity of life 2 overview carbon the backbone of life. With a total of 6 electrons, a carbon atom has 2 in the first shell and 4 in the second shell. Molecules possessing this group are water soluble and called alcohols. Electronshell diagrams showing valence for the major elements of organic molecules.
In a phosphate group, a phosphorus atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms. Pick three of the four groups of complex carbon based molecules macromolecules and for each. Living organisms consist mostly of carbon based compounds. Ap chapter 4 carbon and the molecular diversity of life. That is, explain how the structure of the following. Carbon and the molecular diversity of life chapter 4 pgs. Choose your answers to the questions and click next to see the next set of questions. Explain the elements of stanley millers experiment, using arrows to indicate what occurs in various parts of the apparatus. Carbon usually forms single or double bonds but also can form triple bonds. Chapter 4 carbon and the molecular diversity of life free download as word doc. Lectures by chris romero, updated by erin barley with contributions from joan sharp. Valence is the number of covalent bonds an atom can form.
Plants use solar energy to transform atmospheric co 2 into the mol. Although cells are 7095% water, the rest consists mostly of carbon based compounds. Coverage addresses the generation of molecular diversity, application of diversity for screening against. Carbon and the molecularcarbon and the molecular diversity of lifediversity of life. Most organic compounds contain hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon atoms. Test bank for campbell biology 10th edition by reece table of contents 1. The result is to allow for the possibility of another molecules that can be an enantiomer mirror image of the first molecule. Chapter 4 carbon and the molecular diversity of life organic.
The carbon and the molecular diversity of life chapter of this campbell biology textbook companion course helps students learn the essential biology lessons of the molecular diversity of life. Study this figure of stanley millers experiment to simulate conditions thought to have existed on the early earth. Chapter 4 carbon and the molecular diversity of life all organisms are composed mostly of chemical structures based on the element carbon. Carbon and the molecularcarbon and the molecular diversity.
How did the organic molecules involved in the earliest stages of chemical. Chapter 4 carbon and the molecular diversity of life overview. Free biology 2e textbook available for download openstax. The backbone of life living organisms consist mostly of carbon. Carbon and the molecular diversity of life chapter exam instructions. The backbone of life living organisms consist mostly of carbon based compounds carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules proteins, dna, carbohydrates, and other. The backbone of life although cells are 7095% water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon based compounds carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules proteins, dna, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living. Organic chemistry was redefined as the study of carbon compounds regardless of origin. With four valence electrons, carbon can form four covalent bonds with a variety of atoms. Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen are called. Carbon the backbone of life although cells are 7095% water, the rest consists of mostly carbon based compounds. Carbon compounds occur naturally in great abundance on earth. Chapter 04 carbon and the molecular diversity of life.
But there is a fourth source of biodiversity molecular biodiversity. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms a few chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules carbon. Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules. Modeling the distribution of organic carbon stocks in a central european floodplain with vhr remote sensing data and multiple geodata. Chapter 4 carbon and the molecular diversity of life. The backbone of life w ater is the universal medium for life on earth, but living organisms, such as the plants and roosevelt elk in figure 4. A methyl group consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms. What is the role of carbon in the molecular diversity of life. Instead, carbon usually completes its valence shell by sharing electrons with other atoms in four covalent bonds. Carbon and the molecular diversity of life, authorevelyn i. Carbon enters the biosphere through the action of plants.
All organisms are composed mostly of chemical structures based on the element carbon. Chapter 4 carbon and the molecular diversity of life youtube. Molecular diversity arises from variations in the carbon skeleton. He used ch 4, nh 3, co 2, h 2s, and h 2 as gases simulating the atmosphere on the early earth water vapor cooled rain containing organic molecules. The structure and function of large biological molecules fred and theresa holtzclaw. Carbon is the backbone of life carbon enters the biosphere via plants it is the most vital atom in proteins, dna, carbohydrates, and other molecules that distinguish living from nonliving things all life is built on carbon carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form molecules that are large, complex, and varied. Still, most organic compounds in an amazing diversity and complexity are produced by organisms.
Carbon and the molecular diversity of life learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. Chapter 3 carbon and the molecular diversity of life printable. Study this figure of stanley millers experiment to. Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules. Carbon has 6 electrons, 2 in 1st electron shell and 4 in 2nd electron shell.
Carbon skeletons vary in length and may be straight, branched, or arranged in closed rings. Carbon has 4 valence electrons, can bond to 4 items, and typically forms covalent bonds with other elements. An organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen. An adeninecontaining nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. Carbon and the molecular diversity of life chapter 4. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. Chapter 4 carbon and the molecular diversity of life duration.
This chapter builds upon information and concepts introduced in chapters 2 and 3 and extends the descriptions and. Carbonthe backbone of life although cells are 7095% water, the rest consists of mostly carbonbased compounds. List here the types of skeletons that can be formed. The water mixture in the sea at the bottom of the flask was heated. Carbon and the molecular diversity of life lecture outline overview. The flow of free energy that maintains the system far from ther. Thursday, august 28 the function of water is important to all living organisms. Carbon has little tendency to form ionic bonds by loosing or gaining 4 electrons.
Slide 2 97 organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds organic compounds range from simple molecules to colossal ones. Chapter 4 carbon and the molecular diversity of life lecture outline. Carbon and the molecular diversity of life chapter 4 key concepts. What is the role of carbon in the molecular diversity of. The enormous diversity of carboncontaining compounds, known as organic. Chapter 4 carbon and the molecular diversity of life lecture outline overview. Chapter 3 carbon and the molecular diversity of life. Carbon and the molecular diversity of life concept 4. Carbon basics carbon is the 6th element on the periodic table. Chapter 4 carbon and the molecular diversity of life science with digravio. The backbone of life w ater is the universal medium for life on earth, but living or. Carbon and the molecular diversity of life organic molecules and the origin of life on earth. Prebiotic synthesis and molecular diversity weizmann institute of.
Our carbon basis allows for the formation of complex molecules. The overall percentages of the major elements of lifec, h. This chapter builds upon information and concepts introduced in chapters 2 and 3 and extends the descriptions and analysis to more detailed consideration of the carbon atom. For each of the 4 classes of organic compounds listed below, explain the basis of molecular diversity within the class.
Carbon is a primary component of all known life on earth, representing approximately 4550% of all dry biomass. Carbon the backbone of biological molecules although cells are 7095% water, the rest consists mostly of carbon based compounds. Complex biological molecules almost always consist of carbon atoms bonded. Biology chapter 4 chapter 4 carbon and the molecular.